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Ivanka Tsoneva
“Black" or Negative PR as Competition Tools
Summary:
Negative PR-technologies are not obvious. Some of them are the result of careless talking, writing, creating slogans and trade-marks. One second group results from destroy someone’s public reputation. The less transparent third group concerns strongly negative methods applied to create awareness, sympathy, and complicated part of dealing with efforts to technologies are the les from the current practice illustrate the recommended methods.
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Kiril Luchkov
Àccents of Annual Accounting Closure in Non-Financial Enterprises
Summary:
In the present research we are focusing our attention on some principled and procedural questions about the annual accounting closure in non-financial enterprises applying IAS/IFRS as a reporting base related to preparation and presentation of the annual financial statement. Without claims of exhaustion, the main stages of annual accounting closure are analysed in chronological order, the duration of which depends on specific features of the enterprise itself and the organisation of the accounting process. Emphasis is placed on the inventory of the assets and liabilities whose purpose guarantees the informational authencity which is announced in the annual financial statement.
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Plamen Petkov
Algorithm for Econometric Estimation of the Aggregated Production Function by Transcendental Logarithmic (translog) Approximation
Summary:
The study analyzes the dependence of gross domestic product of the number of employees and gross fixed capital formation in Bulgaria with the help of the aggregate production function. Based on quarterly data, which covered the first quarter of 1996 to the first quarter of 2007, is examined the elasticity of substitution of production factors. It is tested three types of production functions – a production function with variable elasticity of substitution of factors (VES-function), a production function with constant elasticity of substitution of factors (CES-function) and classical Cobb-Douglas function. Estimates of the parameters were obtained with the least squares method, applied to transcendental logarithmic (translog) approximation of the production function.
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Elena Ralinska
The Bussiness Model of the Peer-To- Peer Lending Platforms
Summary:
Peer-to- peer lending platforms as alternative of the conventional bank loan are analyzed in the current paper and in this context; we try to identify their essential features, similarities with and distinctions from traditional channels, advantages and disadvantages, problems and opportunities as well as future trends in their development. In our view, peer-to-peer lending platforms provide a valid alternative of financing, not a substitute for, but rather a complementary traditional banking model.
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Kamen Kamenov
Power - Behavior, and Self-proving of the Manager
Summary:
This article examines the relationship behavior - self-proving. More specifically, it analyzes the options for positive and negative personal and official self-proving. In the end some conclusions are reached about the relationship between them.
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Velichka Nikolova
The Impact of Interest Rate Changes on Bulgaria’s Government Debt for the Period 2003-2018
Summary:
This article emphasizes on the impact of interest rate changes on government debt. For this purpose, theoretical and empirical studies are initially systematized with the main focus being placed on the change of government debt in terms of continuously decreasing interest rates. The main trends in the change of government debt, interest payments, the real GDP growth rates and the interest rates for long-term government bonds in Bulgaria are also analyzed. The econometric analysis of the relationship between interest rates and government debt is applied including tests for long and short run causal relationship among variables. When comparing the results obtained for the degree of impact of interest rates and economic growth on debt, it is concluded that interest rates have a statistically significant but weak effect on government debt. There is much stronger (positive and statistically significant) effect of economic growth on debt, as opposed to the effect of interest rates.
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Plamen Pytev, Elena Marinova
The Link Between Credit Default Swaps and Stock Markets in Central and Eastern Europe
Summary:
Our study aims at testing whether there is long-run relationship between the CDS and stock markets in seven countries of Eastern Europe. First, we define specifics of the seven CEE stock markets and CDS spreads. We have found that they show different performance characteristics – stock markets present very different performance while the volatility has been very close. Next, we try to estimate the presence of co-integration among the stock markets on the one side and CDS spread on the other. The results show that both stock market indices and CDS spread are not stationary at levels but are stationary at first difference and they are first-order integrated I(1) for all countries. Next, we apply Granger causality test for short-run relationship and our results show for Russia and Poland that the index return is Granger causing the change in CDS spread, the variance in the CDS explained by the index is 40% and 31% respectively. In the case of Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania, where the change in the CDS spread is Granger Causing change in stock market index, the variance in the index explained by the CDS spread is 36%, 11% and 27% respectively.
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Mihal Stoyanov
Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Retail Trade in Bulgaria
Summary:
This paper reviews the reaction of retail trade in the Republic of Bulgaria and around the world as a consequence of the declaration of a state of emergency related to the spread of COVID-19 virus infection. The actions of the trade operators regarding the various changes in the behavior of the consumers and the establishment of standards for work are systematized, in accordance with the measures for anti-epidemic control taken by the local and national bodies, the recommendations of the European Commission and the World Health Organization. The unpredictable development of the global epidemiological situation has brought new challenges to address the emergency situation and to create standards and protocols for working under conditions of increased requirements for social distance, hygiene and disinfection. The established measures put retailers in the first line of protection in the unprecedented health crisis of our time.
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Katya Kirilova
Opportunity to Assess the Economic Efficiency of Investment in Information Technology in Local Governments
Summary:
Bulgaria is in the development stage, where significant investments are needed in order to create and use appropriate electronic government. Part of the idea of building an e-government is related to the scope of services that municipalities provide. For these reasons it is important from a theoretical and practical standpoint to clarify whether the factors for creating functional e-local government are properly defined. For this purpose, in the paper we use a survey for the level of information systems and technologies in municipalities and on that basis we determine some opportunities for building online services in local administrations. Some characteristics are considered in the development of information systems for the needs of the local administration. We present the processes of awareness of the information need, definition of information problem, definition of the purpose and scope of the system, development of task specification, evaluation of economic efficiency, and implementation of the system. On this basis, the possibilities are derived to assess the economic efficiency of investments in information technologies and software in the municipal administration. Finally, conclusions are formulated.
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Michal Stoyanov
Opportunities to E-commerce in Times of Economic Crisis
Summary:
In the global economic crisis, the challenge of electronic commerce creates great potential to reap the benefits of economic agents by making an online purchase. Ecommerce with its advantages and disadvantages, creating an alternative model of shopping for all the economic actors in the information society in each stage of the cycle.
The practical focus of the study consists in comparing the two applied by leading companies worldwide commercial technologies, achieved major effects of their operations and derive recommendations for improving their competitive position in the digital market.
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Vanya Grigorova
Genesis of Modern Marketing Networks
Summary:
In modern economic practice as a natural result of a number of public and market processes emerge groupings of organizations with a common strategic objective, referred to as "networks". This form is a phenomenon with a complex manifestation and it is studied by a number of theories relating to networks - field of economics, which is still developing. So the motives of this study are several: to track groups of factors (etymological, philosophical and economic) that lead to the emergence of networks to clarify their inherent characteristics, to reveal the specifics of their manifestation in the marketing field and in result to enrich modern marketing paradigm to be able to develop new scientific approaches to building and managing marketing networks in Bulgaria.
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Dimitar Panayotov
Two Options Against Overbalancing
Summary:
Often published anti-crisis measures of institutions, parties and analysts have been criticized for the temporary effect which they offer. This article offers ideas for overbalancing which are relevant without conditions.
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Nikola Zhivkov, Marieta Zhivkova
The Role of Democracy in Reaching Public Consolidation
Summary:
In this article, we analyzed in historical aspects of the Bulgarian authors related to the formation of the values of democracy. A logical connection with some of them is the analyzed leading goals and principles in the Preamble of the 1991 Constitution. They form the image of constitutional democracy. Based on modern theoretical statements and political practices, the conviction is imposed that, guided by its principles, the political subjects will be able to achieve agreement and consolidation necessary to bring sustainability to the development of society.
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Zhelao Vytev
Discussion Questions of Stress Testing in the Modern Bank Practice
Summary:
The present article provides critical analysis of the existing practice for carrying out of stress-test in the banking sector in the country and abroad. It provides good grounds for accentuating on a number of unsolved or discussion issues, concerning: significance of the stress-tests; scope and periodicity of their implementation; identification of the specific risks, with potential negative effects; scenario modelling with specifying key risk parameters (factors), subject of shocking changes; performance of comparative analysis of the methods for implementing stress-tests and outlining of their advantages and disadvantages; specifics of implementation of the so-called „reverse" stress-tests, etc.
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Galya Vezirova
Differentiated Instruction in English Language Teaching (Level B1)
Summary:
The article examines the possibilities of applying differentiated instruction in intensive English language learning (level B1). The essence of differentiation and the peculiarities when it is used in the educational process are clarified. The principles and elements of differentiated instruction are examined. Emphasis is placed on the possibilities for the application of this philosophy and approaches and strategies are proposed for the full and effective implementation of differentiated learning in intensive English language learning.
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Vanya Ganeva
Domestic Violence Against Women as an Object of Social Work
Summary:
The article deals with domestic violence against women, which in the last decades has been defined as one of the most serious social problems worldwide. The first part of the paper explains the essence of violence and the gender aspects of domestic violence. On a gender approach basis an explanation is sought as to how social relations between men and women in society, fixed via patriarchal order, contribute to the manifestations of tolerance towards domestic violence against women.
The second part of the article explains the specifics of social work against domestic violence against women. Theoretically this type of social work is based on the feminist and anti-oppressive trends developed considerably after the 80s of the 20th century. The practical realization of social work against domestic violence calls for the use of crisis intervention, a good knowledge on the social worker’s part of the experiences and reactions of women – victims of domestic violence, as well as the services which they can use. Besides working with victims, another main point in social work in cases of domestic violence against women must be working with domestic violence offenders, using methods borrowed from psychotherapeutic and consultation practice.
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Aleksandar Lichev
The Long-Term Interest Rates for Convergence Purposes as Crises Indicator for the Eurozone
Summary:
The main aim of the survey is to develop critical point of view over the Maastricht convergence criteria for the Euro zone countries and to provide arguments in favor of the acceptance of the long-term interest rate for convergence purposes as a leading, market based indicator of the economic crises. The main subject of the research is the Euro zone, and the main topic respectively – long-term interest rate for convergence purposes within the Euro zone as a convergence criteria with major analytical importance for the process of building reliable prognoses and crises indicators. The structure of the article is divided in two main bodies. Firstly, it is introduce wide critical overview of leading scientific surveys in the area of Maastricht convergence criteria within the crises period (2008–2012) and secondly, applying of econometric analyses of the long-term interest rate for convergence purposes within Eurozone-12 for the purposes of discovering of crises
Indicators. As a result of the research it is proved that for the PIIGS group are available strong, market based evidences for forthcoming economic disturbances provided as a result of regression analyses of long-term interest rate of 10-yers debt securities for convergence purposes.
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Ninel Nesheva Kiosseva
Environmental Management and the Impact of Regulation in Bulgaria
Summary:
In placing increased emphasis on good environmental management, the Bulgaria government began providing resources on environmental management, such as guidance documents, case studies, and benchmarking studies. It also motivates businesses to understand the full spectrum of environmental costs and incorporate these costs into decision-making. Some of the difficulties are non-uniform definitions and non-uniform executions, and lack of comparable information. The report discusses the needs for good quality information to be available to both managers and society before further advances can be made.
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Valentin Milinov
On the Characteristics and Evolution of Monetary Policy
Summary:
The study investigates the problems related to monetary policy within the process of its evolution and according to the development of the monetary policy theories and the stages of development of the economy and the monetary systems. The paper reviews the various levels of implementation of monetary policies and the possibilities for its influencing the economic process. The influence is effected through direct and indirect tools used by the national banks. For this end the banks set certain operative (short-term), interim, and final (long-term) objectives, the most important factor being the choice of adequate strategy of the monetary policy, i.e. the choice of „nominal anchor”. In this respect the study focuses on monetary targeting, inflation targeting, and currency exchange rate targeting. The experience of other countries is especially valuable for Bulgaria in the process of the country’s accession to the European Monetary Union. The study comes to the conclusion that in this respect the most important question is how the currency board shall be abandoned: (1) whether it must be preserved until the country’s accession to the European Monetary Union or (2) the peg of the Bulgarian lev to the Euro should be abandoned prior to the accession to the European Monetary Union.
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Dragan Georgiev
Establishing a System of Income Multiplier Profiles in the Lodging Industry
Summary:
The determination of income multiplier profile (IMP) of an enterprise, activity or department in the budgeting process is a popular method in the field of hospitality to study the influence of different value measurable key factors on the financial result. Its traditional use is associated with determining the business orientation, analyzing the profitability of products and services in order to optimize the financial result, and implementation of accounting and control strategies.
This paper presents a modified approach for establishing a system of standardized profiles, based on conception of responsibility centers under USALI, as key factors are derived from the basic algebraic relationship "cost-volume-profit".
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Matilda Alexandrova
Knowledge-Based Economy – Driving Forces and Indicators
Summary:
The idea for replacement of capital by knowledge as the main source of progress provides ground for the idea of “knowledge-based economy”. This is an economic system in which knowledge appears to be a dominating resource in the same way as – in a former period of development – capital outweighed the land as a source of economic power during the shift from pre-industrial to industrial society. The paper outlines several groups of indicators that typically identify the degree of development of the knowledge-based economy: employment structure (relative shares of employed by economic sectors and sub-sectors, along with the change in these shares), education level (access to relevant professional and higher education; relative share of expenditures for education -general and vocational- in GDP), R&D (researchers by scientific areas; investments in R&D as % of GDP; structure of R&D funding, particularly the share of private funding), etc.
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Milena Beneva
Implementation of Environmental Factor in Pension Investments
Summary:
Modern financial markets create a new criterion for evaluating the investment performance of companies - a multidimensional approach that combines the financial, social and environmental aspects together. A sustainable and responsible investment approach is perceived as a long-term driver of value and many institutional investors around the world, incl. pension funds, integrate it into their traditional investment process. At the same time, Bulgarian private pension funds either neglect (underestimate) the issues of sustainable development, or changå their investment policy too timidly and uncertainly.
After an in-depth analysis of the sustainable and responsible investment practices imposed by the ecological leaders among the pension funds, the current research paper offers an adapted model for integrating the "green" investment trend, consistent with the organization and development of voluntary private pension funds in Bulgaria.
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Kalin Ganchev
Tools of the Contemporary Protectionist Policy of the European Union
Summary:
Despite the triumphal march of economic globalization, whose main characteristic is trade liberalization, countries and supranational integration formations have not abandoned, but improved the regulatory effects on international trade. The most decisive in the conduct of protectionist policy has been, in no small part, to continue to be the leaders of economic and technological dynamism - the USA, Japan and the European Community. The paper discusses the basic measures that protectionism is applied in practice: import licensing arrangements; duties with higher rates; import quotas; MIPs; minimum duties; additional duties and / or import taxes; import bans; dumping and countervailing duties. Conclusion, that contemporary forms and manifestations of these traditional instruments to mitigate foreign goods competition in favor of taking local farms are united in a common term “neoprotectionism”, has been reached.
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Margarita Mihaylova
Interests and Behavioural Consistency in the Management System
Summary:
Individual behaviour is guided by self-interest. The self-interest of the subject of management is extended to a number of functional and group interests. Despite the partial discrepancy between the interest of an individual and the interest of the organization they belong to, when choosing an alternative of management decision the subject of management often shows behavioural consistency under the influence of internal psychological factors. The subject of management is also often characterized by plurality, which is why their behavior is based on the congruence between the interests of a subject and an object of management and on the balance of the interests of a number of external stakeholders.
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Natalia F. Altukhova, Elena V. Vasileva
Internet-Entrepreneurship in Russia and the New Forms of Training Young Entrepreneurs
Summary:
The article considers features of development of startups in Russia. Department of Business Informatics Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation teaches undergraduate and graduate students the basics of entrepreneurship on the Internet from 2015. Developed author's techniques of training of young entrepreneurs based on the use of technology design thinking. The authors use the example of a business game, which uses design thinking and Lean Startup.
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Olena Sharah
Quality of the Economic Growth under the Terms and Conditions of the Technological Progress
Summary:
This Paper has a two-fold purpose: 1) to explore the abstract and theoretical principles of the classical and neoclassical economic theory to the notion of the economic growth under the terms and conditions of the technological progress; 2) to try to apply these provisions with national economic practice of modern Ukraine.
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V.i. Lyashenko, Y.i. Tulku
Quasi-Tangible Assets of Modern Neo-Industrialism
Summary:
In this article the authors insist on imperfection of existent financial instruments, which caused the financial-economic crisis and suppose that there is another possibility for companies to get extra financial resources. One of those possibilities is using a new format of assets for companies’ capitalization. The financial mechanism of their trading is also suggested.
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Dimitar Trendafilov
Communication properties of brand
Summary:
The article is dedicated to brand as a communication device in marketing practice and, thence, it attempts to define in clearer manner why and how brand serves to companies’ sale objectives, and how could be used more successfully as a tool. The main thesis is that brand deserves the whole responsibility and attention of the management since in the contemporary business environment it is superb, but not one and only, instrument for taking hard-to-copy competitive advantages and it provides the much needed dialogue with consumer, who on her/his side has more and more opportunities to influence brand’s life in the market. Also the most important tasks of brand in terms of communication are listed, and by means of two diagrams its main elements and their functions are illustrated in different perspectives.
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Alexander Chumakov
The Conflict and the Possibility of Dialogue in the Modern World
Summary:
 ñòàòüå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ïðîáëåìà ñîöèàëüíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ êîíôëèêòîâ â óñëîâèÿõ íàðàñòàþùåé ãëîáàëüíîé âçàèìîçàâèñèìîñòè è ñïîñîáîâ èõ ïðåîäîëåíèÿ. Ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ, ÷òî â îñíîâå ñîâðåìåííûõ îáùåñòâåííûõ ïðîòèâîðå÷èé ëåæèò êóëüòóðíàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ è íåäîñòàòî÷íûé óðîâåíü öèâèëèçàöèîííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, êàê îòäåëüíûõ èíäèâèäîâ, òàê è âñåâîçìîæíûõ ñîöèóìîâ. Íàèëó÷øèì ñïîñîáîì ðåøåíèÿ êîíôëèêòîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ äèàëîã, êîòîðûé ìîæåò ñòàòü îñíîâíûì ñðåäñòâîì îáùåíèÿ ëþäåé, åñëè íà ìåñòî âëàñòè ñèëû, ïðèäåò ñèëà äóõà, ÷òî ïðåäïîëàãàåò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé óðîâåíü öèâèëèçîâàííîñòè, ðàçâèòèÿ òîëåðàíòíîñòè è êóëüòóðû â öåëîì.
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Metody Kanev
Towards a New Paradigm for Social Life
Summary:
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Ivan G. Ivanov, Nonka Georgieva
A Linear Matrix Inequality Method for Stochastic Model on Markov Jump Linear Systems
Summary:
We consider a special class of linear quadratic stochastic models on Markov jump linear system. The aim is to find the best control function for a model. The search of the control function passes trough the computation of the maximal solution to a system of the general discrete time Riccati equations. An effective method for finding the maximal solution is the method of a linear matrix inequality (a standard method). In this paper we present two new modifications of the method of a linear matrix inequality. The numerical experiments for comparing the computational characteristics of the modified methods and the standard method are executed. The numerical experiments show the effectiveness of new methods to the standard method.
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Galya Georgieva
Methods of Amortization ind its Influence on Financial Result
Summary:
The article deals with the methods of amortization of non-current tangible assets, regulated by the applicable accounting standards. Data are used to illustrate the operation with them. The annual amortization allowances are calculated by any of the methods of amortization within the useful life of the asset, using the same data. Amortization allowances are accounted as amortization costs relating as directed, according to the adopted accounting policies by enterprises. They are included in the formation of the cost of the products of labour and accounting financial result. To demonstrate their effect on the financial result, a comparison between them has been made. Tables and graphs are included in the article.
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Elka Tsoneva
Youth Unemployment in Bulgaria - Economic and Social Problems
Summary:
Unemployment in Bulgaria is becoming a significant scales being a general problem of the society. The so-called ”risk-groups” are particularly affected. Young are the significant group of people that are not in appropriate level on the labor market. The reasons for this condition are the education which does not conform to the needs of the labor market, the difficulties of starting the first job lower pay and searching for better realization abroad after graduation. Young people are social group which represents the near future of the society. They are the most valuable treasure because of their skills, capabilities and intellectual potential are worth for our country. Exactly for this reasons the country and its government social politic should play a main role in caring of this part of the society. General prerequisite for surviving of the society as an organization is the reproduction of the human recourse and so the change of generation themselves.
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Mihal Stoyanov, Desislava Grozdeva
Mobile Internet Commerce as a Form of Fluid Commerce
Summary:
Mobile commerce is a form of non-store retail trade that furthers the development of e-commerce through its implementation using portable smart devices with Internet access. Evolutionary emergence of mobile commerce is a tool of expanding opportunities for the implementation of commerce in the desired user location and time.
It stands out as a fluid, highly adaptable and highly personalized form of commerce, modern and efficient mechanism for selling products in global markets, which solves some of the current shortcomings of e-commerce, basically the possibility of completely autonomous and independent of physical fixed hardware to exchange in the preferred location for the virtual exchange.
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Veniamin Todorov
Modelling Uncertainty During the COVID-19 Crisis
Summary:
The study analyses the levels and the dynamics of uncertainty as a fundamental element of the macroeconomic environment during the COVID-19 crisis. The focus is on the modelling of uncertainty on the basis of the market approach for quantifying it. The process of modelling results in the calculation of indicators through which a comparative empirical evaluation is done. In terms of the economies included, the comparative analysis encompasses the EU and the United States. The analysis is conducted on two levels that go side by side and complement each other. The first one consists of comparing the periods for the concrete economy. The results show similar trends for the EU and for the United States. For the three periods, defined in the study, the sequence of the changes does not differ for the two economies. The second level includes a comparative analysis of the same periods between the economies. The results exhibit a considerable similarity in the levels of uncertainty. For the first two periods the differences are not even statistically significant. For the third period, however, there is a greater difference which is characterized by statistical significance.
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Nikolay Kacharnazov
The Model IS-LM as a Research Method for Economic Fluctuations of Bulgarian Economy
Summary:
The IS/LM model was born at the Econometric Conference held in Oxford during September, 1936. Roy Harrod, John R. Hicks, and James Meade all presented papers describing mathematical models attempting to summarize John Maynard Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Hicks, who had seen a draft of Harrod's paper, invented the IS/LM model. He later presented it in "Mr.Keynes and the Classics: A Suggested Interpretation" (Econometrica, April 1937). Hicks later agreed that the model missed important points from the Keynesian theory. The problem was that it presents the real and monetary sectors as separate, something Keynes attempted to transcend. In addition, an equilibrium model ignores uncertainty. A shift in the IS or LM curve will cause change in expectations, causing the other curve to shift. Hicks therefore created a new Hicks-Hansen IS-LM Model to resolve some of the problems. Most modern macroeconomists see the IS/LM model as being at best a first approximation for understanding the real world. Although the model is generally not taught at the graduate level, a few graduate programs (UNC Greensboro, Auburn University, Florida State, and West Virginia University) continue to use it as part of the macroeconomics curriculum. It is also still the dominant paradigm in undergraduate macroeconomics textbooks, although many dynamists would insist that it is past its prime even in an undergraduate context.
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Rosemary Papworth
A Multi-Disciplinary, Social Constructivist Approach to Promoting Student Engagement, Retention and Achievement in Higher Education
Summary:
This article details a social constructivist-based methodology to learning English as a foreign language via a multi-disciplinary approach. The approach used bases learning in a novel, real-world situation so that learners can benefit from the experience of learning and gaining tacit knowledge within a scenario that is designed to enhance motivation. The two groups of students under study were given a year-long project to complete where they had to use not only their language skills, but skills they had developed in other modules from their programme of education such as project planning, project management, planning and holding meetings, producing project reports and working within a collaborative framework. The teaching and research methods in this study aim to improve student engagement with subject materials via added-value and added interest through the use of a practical project, which, in turn, is hoped to improve class retention and student achievement.
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Vladimir Kraevskyi
The Place of the Accounting Systems in the Management of Sustainable Development
Summary:
The article examines the ability of various accounting systems (accounting, financial reports and statistical records) to meet the information requirements of management of sustainable development. For this purpose, on the one hand possible combinations of economic and environmental accounting have been shown, and on the other - presented accounts for identifying new objects have been studied while making research on the economically underdeveloped regions. The results from the performed SWOT-analysis of the prospects for further development of the statistical system show that natural resources should be included in the accounting system in order to provide more reliable statistical data base for economic analysis and modernization of the national wealth indicator.
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Marusya Smokova Stefanova, Margarita Bogdanova, Evelina Parashkevova Velikova, Elitsa Krasteva, Mariela Stoyanova, Lyubomira Todorova
Best Practices for Gamification in Cultural Heritage: Bulgarian Experience
Summary:
Gamification has gained significant attention in recent years. Even the cultural heritage has not been unnoticed and various gamification techniques have been applied for different purposes. Bulgaria is among the countries with prominent interest in the matter. Although some successful initiatives have been carried out and are still implemented, there is a lack of systemised knowledge for what does not work well and why, which will help practitioners, researchers, public and local authorities in avoiding making the same mistakes in the future. The objective of the paper is to identify best practices for gamification in Bulgarian cultural heritage. The objective is addressed by providing a context specific framework for selecting best practices on gamification in Bulgarian cultural heritage. Based on a set of 12 gamification criteria and 9 impact criteria and by keeping to a 3-stage procedure, the first two top-rated initiatives have been selected as best practices and briefly described.
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Kristiyan Hadjiev
New Dimensions of Team Approach
Summary:
The article explores the philosophy of the team approach in a conceptually new way. It studies the strategic role of the team from a group dynamics perspective and justifies its importance in social practices. Various types of teams are analyzed in view of immediate results, as are the conditions necessary to transform groups into effective team structures. The principles used to overcome the internal organizational shortsightedness and risk minimization are thoroughly examined.
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Nedim Dikmen
Nominal GDP And Macroeconomic Policy Choice: St. Louis Model Estimates
Summary:
In this study, we investigate the question of whether monetarist or Keynesian policies were more effective on GDP growth in Turkey. To this aim, we employ the St. Louis model and examine the statistical significance of the estimated parameters. The effects of changes in money supply or government expenditures on GDP growth are not only limited to the current period but might continue over time as well. Hence, we also include the lagged values of the explanatory variables in the model. The estimation period covers the 1981 – 2008 period. The model is estimated by OLS and captures the accumulated effects of the changes in the narrow and wide definitons of money supply (M1 and M2) and government expenditures on the growth of nominal GDP growth. These estimates correspond to the total or distributed lag multipliers for monetary and fiscal policies. The former is not found to be statistically significant whereas the latter is statistically significant. These findings indicate that Keynesian policies based on expansionary fiscal policy via increased government expenditures had more influence on GDP growth in Turkey than the monetarist approach. These results also reflect the various governments’ populist approaches for political purposes. Overall, we find that the St. Louis equation approach is a valid and applicable model in the Turkish case.
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Agop Sarkisyan
Training Higher Educated Bulgarian Specialists in Information Security
Summary:
The article is dedicated to the matters related to the preparation of professionals with higher education degrees in the field of the computer technologies security. An analysis is made of the possibilities for such an education in Bulgaria and its different forms. Outlined are the problems which could be met in such training. In the end of the work a conclusion is made, that practically it is better to organize such an education as a master degree, t. e. as a superstructure on the Bachelor degree connected to the computer technologies.
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Siyka Kovacheva, Donka Keskinova
Public Attitudes towards European Social Policy
(according To ESS 8 Wave)
Summary:
Social policy is often overlooked in public discourses over European integration despite that it is a significant instrument for raising its legitimacy. On the basis of systematic analysis of mass attitudes to European unification, measured in the 8th wave of European Social Survey (ESS), this paper shows that in the EC as a whole European tend to support the introduction of an all-European scheme for social assistance and to consider that more decisions taken on the supranational level will improve social security for all. At the level of the separate countries the citizens are divided in their preferences for a national or a supranational European social security system. On the individual level, the low-status groups are more inclined to support all-European social measures than the citizens at the higher ranks of the social hierarchy. The expansion of integration towards a more pro-active supranational social policy will secure the support precisely of the groups who today feel left behind in the European project.
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Olena Sushchenko
Îáåñïå÷åíèå èíôîðìàöèîííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â ñôåðå
å-êîììåðöèè
Summary:
Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ýêîíîìèêà íåâîçìîæíà áåç ýëåêòðîííîé êîììåðöèè (e-ñommerce), êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç íàèáîëåå áûñòðîðàñòóùèõ ñåêòîðîâ ìèðîâîé ýêîíîìèêè. Îáúåì ýëåêòðîííûõ ñäåëîê ïîñòîÿííî ðàñòåò, óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâî èíòåðíåò-ïîòðåáèòåëåé è èíòåðíåò-ìàãàçèíîâ. Ýëåêòðîííàÿ êîììåðöèÿ âîçíèêëà â ðåçóëüòàòå ðàçâèòèÿ èíôîðìàöèîííî-êîììóíèêàöèîííûõ òåõíîëîãèé è êîìïüþòåðíûõ ñèñòåì.  îñíîâå åå ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ è ðàçâèòèÿ ëåæèò, ïðåæäå âñåãî, èíôîðìàöèÿ, èíôîðìàöèîííûå ðåñóðñû. Ïðè ýòîì, íàðÿäó ñ ðàçâèòèåì èíôîðìàöèîííûõ òåõíîëîãèé è óâåëè÷åíèåì èíôîðìàöèîííûõ ïîòîêîâ, ðàñòåò è óðîâåíü èíôîðìàöèîííûõ óãðîç. Ïîýòîìó âîïðîñû îáåñïå÷åíèÿ èíôîðìàöèîííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â ñôåðå ýëåêòðîííîé êîììåðöèè è èññëåäîâàíèÿ ðîëè èíôîðìàöèîííûõ ðåñóðñîâ â åå ðàçâèòèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âàæíûì è àêòóàëüíûì.
Öåëüþ èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàçðàáîòêà òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ è ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ ðåêîìåíäàöèé ïî îáåñïå÷åíèþ èíôîðìàöèîííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëüñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè â ñôåðå ýëåêòðîííîé êîììåðöèè.
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Stanislava Pancheva
Accounting–information Problems Connected with Using of Non-current Assets in Non-profit Organizations
Summary:
In the scientific research, the nature of assets in the enterprises with non-profit goal is explored. On this base is suggested a definition for the assets together with some indications for accounting purposes. The criteria are differentiate, both for admitting the assets and the models of their valuation. Some problems connected with reporting of assets with public meaning and no-current assets without public meaning are outlined. Some guidelines for the resolving of these problems are shown. The position of the assets in the structural section of the annual report is determined. The information links between them are taken out.
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Elitsa Petrova
Support for the Small and Medium Business in the EU
Summary:
The purpose of the paper is to present at various national and European legislative and desirable instruments and initiatives aimed at supporting small and medium businesses. Subject of the study are small and medium-sized enterprises, European policy. The present design consists of three main modules: the first "Modern Policy in SMEs", the second module, "Entrepreneurship and public-private partnerships", the third module, "Support for EU businesses."
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Zhaneta Angelova
Approaches and Practice in Determining the Social Security Contribution to Public Social Insurance
Summary:
The social security contribution is a key element of the mechanism of functioning of public social insurance and it has decisive importance with regard to its financial organisation. It is the main and typical source of income of any insurance system. The social security contribution is defined as a percentage of the received labour income and represents a general average value, corresponding to the average risk for the pool and it is due only for income from personal labour activity, with regularity and periodicity arising from the regularity and periodicity of the received personal job income. The aim of the paper is to outline the guidelines for development and improvement of the organisation of the social security contribution in the public social insurance in Bulgaria, taking into account the approaches and the practice of determining the social insurance contributions in some EU countries.
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Nadezhda Dimova
Pop-Up Shops - the New Trend in Retail
Summary:
New trends in retail impose new paradigms and new challenges not only on marketing activity but also on business successes of companies as a whole. Sometimes online sales are not enough to meet consumer needs. A new strategic approach lies in the creation of the pop up shops. They are new, interesting, evoke emotions, create consumers a sense of expressiveness and urgency of the purchase, and at the same time provide good profits to companies that risk creating them. Only the future will show how successful the combination of traditional retail and pop stores are.
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Lyudmil Nestorov
In Memoriam
Summary:
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Radoslav Gabrovski
The Challenges in EU Business Environment: Possibilities or Problems for the Bulgarian Firms
Summary:
The paper focuses the attention upon some of the most significant challenges the Bulgarian business is to be faced with after joining with the EU. Highlighted the main areas and reasons for the difficulties and problems the country would probably suffer in the new business environment. The author’s concept is that amongst the many efforts the Bulgarian companies would need to meet the rigid requirements of the new business-logic in EU market, business-re-engineering and risk management are of primary and utmost importance. From that point of view, some of the key areas and suggestions are briefly outlined below.
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Penka Shishmanova
The Key Challenges of Knowledge-based Economy Facing Some Countries of the Balkan Region (Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey)
Summary:
This paper analyzes the progress of three Balkan countries – Greece, Bulgaria and Turkey, in building a knowledge-based economy. For this purpose we employ the Knowledge Assessment Methodology – KAM/ of the World Bank and, in particular, a system of indicators integrated into four supporting “pillars” – economic initiative and institutional environment, education, innovations, information and communication technologies.
Based on that, we compare the accomplishments of the respective countries, uncover the common ground and the differences between them, outline their weaknesses and comparative advantages, high-light their particular problems and lay down their potentials. All of this in the long run is intended to outline the key challenges of knowledge-based economy facing each of the three countries and the Balkan region at large.
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Mihail Chipriyanov
The Advantages of Competitive Strength Report for the Strategic Management
Summary:
The Competitive Strength Report (CSR) is a method for strategic researches and decisions concerning strategic competitive strength of the company. Its applying pursue of determination on the current condition and the perspectives towards development of the competitive strength, which makes easier the elaboration of the strategic decisions and determination of the resources necessary to its implementation. Using CSR contributes to introducing a higher degree of analytic thinking in the strategic planning and managing processes as a whole as well as in the various particular stages.
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Zornitsa Petkova
Application of Competency-Based Approach to Customs Control Training
Summary:
In recent years, the competency-based approach has become especially popular in the field of human resource management in all social spheres. This approach is fundamental in today’s higher education and guarantees the high quality of training. To be successful in the dynamically changing environment, young graduates need a wide range of competences. The paper corroborates the advantages of applying the competency-based approach to the training of students in customs control, which provides them with the general and specific competencies they need as customs administration officers.
This paper aims to investigate the theoretical aspects of the competency-based approach in order to corroborate the need of its application in the training of students in Customs Control in order to provide them with the general and specific competencies required by the customs administration. In order to achieve this goal, the author has set the following objectives:
- to define the characteristics of the competency-based approach and the specific usage of the terms “competence” and “competency”;
- to identifies the possibilities for applying the competency-based approach in the training in Customs Control;
- to develop and approbate a competency-based model in the course of Customs Control;
- to analyze the results achieved with the competency-based model in the course of Customs Control.
The paper proves the thesis that the competency-based approach applied to the learning process in the course of Customs Control provides opportunities for training competitive specialists who meet the requirements in this field.
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Penko Dimitrov
Set-Off as a Means for Extinguishing Financial Obligations
Summary:
The widely spread monetary character of financial receivables and obligations allows the use of the legal concept of set-off in financial law as well. This article considers the influence of the specificities of regulated public relations and the sovereign method applied in financial law on the requirements and the conditions for the use of set-off for the purposes of the discharge of financial receivables and obligations.
This article analyses the general and the special legal framework regulating the the requirements and the conditions for the use of set-off for the purposes of the discharge of financial receivables and obligations. It considers different cases where the set-off of financial receivables and obligations is allowed – set-off by revenue organs, set-off by the organ competent to determine the financial obligation, set-off during an enforcement procedure, as well set-off of financial receivables and obligations in accordance with certain special laws.
A particular attention is given to the sovereign act on the basis of which the set-off of financial receivables and obligations is performed – the set-off act, as well as the organs competent for its issuance.
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Yuliyan Gospodinov
Problems in defining the nature and framework of public-private partnership in Bulgaria
Summary:
Public-private partnerships (PPP) are part of the general change in the activities of the local authorities in their research for new forms of municipal management. An undeniable fact is that the last few decades have been accompanied by the strengthening of this partnership in countries transforming from planned to market oriented economies. The article examines the opinions of both individual authors and institutions, exploring the nature and the legal framework of the PPP. The result is that there has not been made a single opinion on the matter. They are all seeking a summary, starting from the agreed views in the documents of the European Union. However, there is a problem that they are not sufficient for full implementation of PPP schemes, because of the national laws of member states, including Bulgaria, and the sovereign right of each country to regulate the issues, regarding these partnerships independently.
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Kristiyan Hadjiev, Nadia Marinova
Project-based Management/A Project Perspective of Management
Summary:
This article examines theoretical and methodological traits of project management and their practical dimensions. It proposes a project-based management perspective and argues that this perspective enjoys the flexibility enabling an organization to respond to volatile environmental stimuli, to foster its creative capacity and to maintain its competitiveness. The proposed conceptual principles and models are elicited by analyzing the structure of the management process and examining its impact on the achievement of various strategic (project) goals. Finally, we identify specific team characteristics and leadership responsibilities conducive to best results in project management.
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Yordan Yordanov, Zhaneta Angelova
The Public Pension System in the Conditions of Covid-19 – Short-Term Effects and Long-Term Challenges
Summary:
The emergence and spread of Covid - 19 in late 2019 and early 2020 posed an unexpected challenge to the development and progress of modern society. A series of restrictions aimed at limiting the spread of the disease have had an adverse effect, both economically and socially. Overcoming the unfavourable consequences of the pandemic is becoming a priority for the development of modern society, engaging a significant amount of public resources and testing the mechanisms of social protection systems. The aim of this study is to highlight the short-term effects and long-term challenges facing the public pension system in pandemic and post-pandemic environments, as a basis for outlining the directions of its development and improvement.
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Svetoslav Borisov
Regulatory and Tax Challenges to Cryptoasset Market
Summary:
Many potential benefits of crypto assets for the financial sector are widely recognized, including cost savings, improved efficiency and transparency. The proliferation of cryptocurrencies and the remarkable expansion of novel economic practices associated with them pose an unprecedented challenge to established norms of taxation and market regulation. Currently, at the EU-wide level, there is a regulatory gap, which contributes to legal uncertainty and weak investor protection. The European Commission took the first steps to assume its competence over all crypto assets within the EU and, after a comprehensive review of the entire crypto assets ecosystem, issued a proposal for a regulation on markets in crypto assets. The EU legislative initiatives seek to unlock the potential of crypto-assets while mitigating the risks to financial stability, market integrity and consumer protection. This will lead to additional and better financial products for consumers, improving financial inclusion and financing of businesses. This study analyzes the regulatory achievements and challenges to overcome the widespread implementation of blockchain technology and the use of cryptocurrencies. The strengths and weaknesses in the tax practices for taxation of virtual currencies in some countries are discussed, and the emphasis is on the possibilities for overcoming the problem of tax evasion.
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Mina Kirova
The Operational Controlling System in the Insurance Company – Structure and Characteristics
Summary:
There are various understandings on the essence of controlling in literature.They could be generalized into two purposeful sides of the concept, namely: as a qualitatively new philosophy and as a management instrument of the business unit. In this expose these views are unified in one, in which the result-oriented management of the insurance company appears a way of thinking of the management team and at the same time the controlling assists the management by the necessary informationanalytical and methodical apparatus. Ultimately, the main idea of controlling is to ensure the accomplishment of insurer’s objectives by coordinating the realization of traditional managerial functions and providing, in due time, the information relevant for the managerial decision making.
The structure and organization of the controlling system is subordinate to the general theory of the system. Its development within the insurance company is accomplished on the basis of two supporting points: the first one is the personification and subjectivization of the links and interactions between the comprising elements of the system; the second is the technology of the implementation of the controlling presented as a process of consecutive actions of targeting, planning, reporting of expenses and operating results, the control and the information backup of the management team.
The characteristics of the operational controlling system are being displayed mainly upon the differentiation of the strategic from the operational controlling and are, at the same time, pre-determined by the necessity to reflect the specifics of the insurance activity. The latter determines the inclusion of the actuary’s technique and the insurance-technical analysis as elements of the controllership system, and the actuary-in-chief himself as a subject of controlling.
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Krasimir Angelov Krumov
Software-Defined Networks as a Basis for the Information Infrastructure of the Future
Summary:
Increasing information needs in the corporate sector changed the generally accepted conceptions for design and construction of modern computer networks. Nowadays, services and applications being developed require flexibility and efficiency when using the capacity of the communication channels. The existing network architectures have the potential to fulfill this requirement, but at the cost of a lot of resources. That drew the attention of many specialists to a new architectural concept – SDN, which provides a better management for the network infrastructure of business organizations.
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Viktor Hadjiev
Structural Model of Organizational Behavior
Summary:
The study examines the interaction between managerial processes, structure and goals. The nature of this interaction is conditioned upon the level of interdependence between various managerial activities and their level of complexity. The argument is that the level of managerial comprehension of organizational processes and activities is a preconditioning factor optimizing organizational performance. In addition, the study introduces a conceptual framework the helps reveal the nature of interdependence between the examined managerial units in the implementation stage of the planned strategic goals. A number of environmental factors are put into perspective in the light of strategic decision-making and organizational behavior optimization.
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Mihail Dochev
The Accountant as a Human Factor in a Company
Summary:
People’s business activity is associated with gathering, processing and use of any information about the ongoing economic effects and events. Such information is very diverse in terms of its contents and purpose, the method of collecting, as well as its quantity and quality. There are certain types of information – scientific, technical, technological, socioeconomic, etc. One of the most important issues concerning the existence and functioning of any business is how the information is handled by the accountancy department.
In each company there are three mandatory elements that are mutually connected – property, business operations and organized accounting. The book-keeping of all companies is based on the same set of principles and methodology, along with the same regulatory framework. The accountant of a company has a major role in the book-keeping and the business activity in general. They should possess a number of human and occupational flairs.
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Atanas Grigorov
Message and Suggestion
Summary:
From the different connotations of two similar by their denotation words, to the possibility of making suggestions through hidden layers in the message, and consequently – to the conditions, that create this possibility.
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Stanimir Slavov
Resistance to Organizational Change in Socio-Psychological Aspect
Summary:
Organizations are forced to change constantly. Employees react to the occurring organizational changes in a different manner. Where there is negative attitude, there is also resistance. It can be discussed in various aspects. In this article we will place the emphasis on its socio-psychological aspect. Our aim is to point out the main socio-psychological reasons for resistance, the forms it can take, as well as the measures which can be taken to prevent it or restrict it.
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Pavlin Pavlov
State and Development of „The Green Hospitality“ in Bulgaria
Summary:
The number of tourists aware of the great importance of environmental problems is constantly increasing. As a result, the number of eco-entrepreneurship initiatives in the hospitality industry has gradually increased. Therefore, the aim of the present scientific research is to establish the situation and to follow the development of the „green hospitality“ in Bulgaria, as well as to outline the prerequisites and the main obstacles for the creation of „green hotels“.
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Lyudmil Naydenov
State, Dynamics and Trends of Household Income under the Covid-19 Conditions
Summary:
This paper examines the relationship between household income, financial stability and well-being under the COVID-19 conditions in Bulgaria. Based on the definition of the total and monetary household income, the paper outlines its theoretical bases, scope, structure and specific characteristics. It analyzes the dynamics of the total and monetary household income, proving that it depends directly on the global pandemic situation provoked by COVID-19. It also justifies the need to rationalize the management of household income in the short and long term to achieve the financial goals, set in the household budget, and improve household’s well-being. The object of study in this paper is household income, and the subject is defined as the highlighting of factors that affect the state, dynamics and trends in the development of the object of study in recent years in the Republic of Bulgaria. The conclusion is that the rational management of household income in the short, medium and strategic horizon is a prerequisite for the households’ financial stability and achievement of the goals set, complied with the households’ financial capabilities.
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Blagovesta Nikolova
Trends in Contemporary Economic Forecasting
Summary:
This text attempts to outline some changes in the realm of economic forecasting within the context of a broader process of transformation in contemporary forecasting during the last few decades. The paper focuses on the following issues: the rise of technological forecasting; the advantages of long-term planning; the emergence of ‘alternative futures’ and global modeling; the normative considerations in economic forecasting; and some specific problems which need to be taken into consideration when making economic forecasts.
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Tsvetelina Tsanova
Theoretical and Methodological Basis of the Concept "Quality of Life" and its Development as an Economic and Social Category
Summary:
The article outlines and explores the concept of quality of life, as well as its similar essence - standard of living, well-being, subjective well-being, well-being, satisfaction, happiness, trust, freedom, and human rights. The concepts related to the object of research are interpreted, and a definition of quality of life as a major role in the lives of individuals.
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Desislava Aleksieva
Communication Management in Co-Activity Environment
Summary:
Communication is an essential part of the management activities. It appeared and developed under the influence of several factors in a defined medium.
The ability to influence management communication affects and forms co-actors – positive, negative and neutral; and contributes to the total score and specific relationships in the organization.
The structure of the article is as follows: introduction; part one presents the role of co-activity environment managerial communication; part two presents policy and law as a compensatory mechanism of the co-activity system; part three examines the development of management relations in terms of co-activity; and conclusion.
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Elitsa Dolapchieva
The Politics of the Firm toward Employment's Motivation in Wine-Producing Industry
Summary:
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Borislav Atanasov
Fragmentary Analysis of the Market of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods in Bulgaria
Summary:
For its purpose, the fast-moving consumer goods satisfy mainly the basic needs, and unlike the consumer durables, distinguish with relatively high frequency of consumption. Based on data of the National Statistical Institute, the change of retail sales for the period 2010-2018, the average expenditures of the households for purchasing of foods, the change of number of retail sales premises - for the country and statistical regions, the change of number of retail sales premises of the leading trade chains selling fast-moving consumer goods are presented in the article. On the basis of the author’s own researches of the consumer’s behaviour when they purchase fast-moving consumer goods, a comparative analysis through one-dimensional frequency distributions is made and trends of consumers’ behaviour during the purchase are brought out.
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Maya Lambovska
Utility Function (by von Neumann-Morgenstern) – an Instrument for Solution under Uncertainty and Crises
Summary:
This paper presents the possibility of using Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function as a tool for choosing an alternative way for dealing with crisis in organizations operating in uncertain environment.
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Metody Kanev
Human Development– At Stake
Summary:
The "individual-society" relationship has been studied as a basic functional mechanism, dominated by the organizing principle of social organization in its historically different social forms. It defends the thesis that today, human development has become such an organizing principle. Human development and social development, turning each other into a goal and mechanism for achieving it, are becoming more identical. This is actually the modern social ideal - achieving social structure that creates the best conditions and opportunities for developing the strengths and abilities of each person.
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Kuzman Iliev
The School of Free Banking with Fractional Reserves versus The School of Full Reservation of Deposits - an Economic Reflection of Modern Concepts in Banking and Monetary Policy
Summary:
The study presents a comparative analysis of the two modern pro-market schools in the field of monetary theory and banking – the school of free banking with fractional reserves and the school of full deposit reservation. In this way, the paper outlines the guidelines to be followed in developing theories, concepts and proposals for improving or perfecting the money supply management. In concrete terms, the analysis considers the alternatives for the implementation of banking and the positioning of the central bank in the schools of free banking with fractional reserves and the full reservation of deposits, the methodological nature of a market process in their frameworks and an interpretation of the two schools in relation to the functions of deposits, the interest rate, deflation and quantitative easing.
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Yordan Vasilev
Is the Problems of Financing and Crediting of the Small and the Medium Business will Remain after our Incorporation in EU?
Summary:
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Borislav Boev
Nuclear Energy and the Transition to Low-Emission Electricity System
Summary:
This article explores national and European energy development plans in the context of the transition to a low-emission economy. The current structure of the electricity system of the country, the main objectives in the national strategic document for energy development "Integrated Plan in the field of energy and climate of the Republic of Bulgaria 2021-2030" and the package "Clean Energy for All Europeans" are presented. At the same time, the main challenges that Bulgaria will face in the decommissioning of carbon-intensive electricity generation (especially coal power plants) and the construction of replacement capacity have been identified. In this context, the article highlights the main advantages of nuclear energy as a safe, reliable, sustainable, and low-emission energy source and provides specific guidelines for the expansion of nuclear energy in the forthcoming transformation of the country's electricity system.
