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  Human Action. Part Four, Chapter XVII. Indirect Exchange && 12-19

  People deal with money-substitutes as if they were money because they are fully confident that it will be possible to exchange them at any time without delay and without cost against money. We may call those who share in this confidence and are therefore ready to deal with moneysubstitutes as if they were money, the clients of the issuing banker, ... People deal with money-substitutes as if they were money because they are fully confident that it will be possible to exchange them at any time without delay and without cost against money. We may call those who share in this confidence and are therefore ready to deal with moneysubstitutes as if they were money, the clients of the issuing banker, bank, or authority. It does not matter whether or not this issuing establishment is operated according to the patterns of conduct customary in the banking business. Token coins issued by a country's treasury are moneysubstitutes too, although the treasury as a rule does not enter the amount issued into its accounts as a liability and does not consider this amount a part of the national debt. It is no less immaterial whether or not the owner of a money-substitute has an actionable claim to redemption. What counts is whether the money-substitute can really be exchanged against money without delay and cost.

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  Economic Strategies for Transformation of Neoclassical Paradigm and Competitions in Industry

  The present research article describes the three components of the neo classical economic paradigm namely, free market, public choice and market friendly approach. How these three components are being applied to the various organizations, particularly, the competitive industries have get benefits. However, the global industries of various economic ... The present research article describes the three components of the neo classical economic paradigm namely, free market, public choice and market friendly approach. How these three components are being applied to the various organizations, particularly, the competitive industries have get benefits. However, the global industries of various economic regions showed inefficiency and suffered from negative externalities and pollutions. And so, TO CHANGEOVER THE NEOCLASSICAL PARADIGM, THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM was suggested: how the sustainable development paradigm encompasses the environment and economics to steady state economic growth: for what the world industry and society to do all that were discussed.

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  Demographic and Institutional Conditions of Economy

  In this paper we focus on the impact of demographic dynamics and the social and political relations, respectively on their institutional framework.... In this paper we focus on the impact of demographic dynamics and the social and political relations, respectively on their institutional framework.