-
Ivanka Tsoneva
“Black" or Negative PR as Competition Tools
Summary:
Negative PR-technologies are not obvious. Some of them are the result of careless talking, writing, creating slogans and trade-marks. One second group results from destroy someone’s public reputation. The less transparent third group concerns strongly negative methods applied to create awareness, sympathy, and complicated part of dealing with efforts to technologies are the les from the current practice illustrate the recommended methods.
-
Artem Valeriiovych Ivanov
Analysis of Differences in the Systems of Anti-Monopoly and Regulatory Policies of States
Summary:
The article analyzes the term "competition" and perception of this notion given by various prominent economists. The evolution of understanding of the concept of "competitive market" has been considered. The article identifies the differences between the activities of anti-monopoly committees in countries such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Spain, and France. Particular attention was paid to the development of the legislative framework in these countries. The comparative characteristics of the responsibility areas of the antitrust agencies in the European Union and the United States of America has been provided. The study established that antitrust policy in the European Union is more liberal.
-
Mihal Stoyanov
Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Retail Trade in Bulgaria
Summary:
This paper reviews the reaction of retail trade in the Republic of Bulgaria and around the world as a consequence of the declaration of a state of emergency related to the spread of COVID-19 virus infection. The actions of the trade operators regarding the various changes in the behavior of the consumers and the establishment of standards for work are systematized, in accordance with the measures for anti-epidemic control taken by the local and national bodies, the recommendations of the European Commission and the World Health Organization. The unpredictable development of the global epidemiological situation has brought new challenges to address the emergency situation and to create standards and protocols for working under conditions of increased requirements for social distance, hygiene and disinfection. The established measures put retailers in the first line of protection in the unprecedented health crisis of our time.
-
Mariana Drumeva
Demographic-economic Face of Svishtov at the Beginning of Bulgarian Renaissance
Summary:
The present paper attempts to outline the demographic and economic outlook of the town of Svishtov from ancient times to the beginning of the Bulgarian Revival. The data throwing light on these issues are relatively scarce and can be found in archaeological excavations in the vicinity of the town, in published historical documents, foreign travelogues and in researches on the town of Svishtov and the economic-historical development of Bulgarian lands. The study is a survey and aims to summarize and systematize the present information from historical sources and historical-geographical research on the problems posed. Thus the prerequisites for the increased role of the town during the Revival can be more fully and more precisely explained.
-
Dimitar Trendafilov
Legislation On Ensuring Fair Competition in Trademarks
Summary:
The purpose of developing trademarks as a tool in economic activity and in marketing practice, in particular, is to establish a distinction for the products of its owner, serving both his/her interests and those of consumers as concerns to the absence of delusions and unambiguous awareness of the origin of goods and services. However, how this differentiation is achieved and protected in a regulated way against deliberate or apparently good faith encroachments is the subject of legislation that does not always manage to set clear criteria and at least needs several points of view and interpretations. In this context, the article derives and interprets selected texts from the most important national and international normative acts (such as the Paris Convention, the EU Regulation and the local competition law), and at the end points out an exemplary litigation that arose on the basis of "similarity" to a well-known brand, considered unfair competition.
-
Milen Atanasov
Insurance "Professional Liability" for Insurance Intermediaries
Summary:
This paper indicates various requirements for maintaining the insurance "Professional Liability", for insurance intermediaries, by comparing a number of features of the repealed and current regulations. The article considers how various forms of transformation into trade and legal nature, for insurance broker, influence the insurance held by him. The scope is outlined and the types of damage, that the insurance "Professional Liability" covers, when carrying out the insurance mediation from the insurance broker, are specified.
-
Kalin Ganchev
Tools of the Contemporary Protectionist Policy of the European Union
Summary:
Despite the triumphal march of economic globalization, whose main characteristic is trade liberalization, countries and supranational integration formations have not abandoned, but improved the regulatory effects on international trade. The most decisive in the conduct of protectionist policy has been, in no small part, to continue to be the leaders of economic and technological dynamism - the USA, Japan and the European Community. The paper discusses the basic measures that protectionism is applied in practice: import licensing arrangements; duties with higher rates; import quotas; MIPs; minimum duties; additional duties and / or import taxes; import bans; dumping and countervailing duties. Conclusion, that contemporary forms and manifestations of these traditional instruments to mitigate foreign goods competition in favor of taking local farms are united in a common term “neoprotectionism”, has been reached.
-
Lyudmil Nestorov
Characteristics of Bulgarian Economy during the World Economic Crisis 1929 – 1938
Summary:
The objective of this publication is to review the situation of Bulgarian economy during the world economic crisis from 1929 till 1933. The research employs empirical approach and comparative economic analysis. The effect of the crisis upon major sectors of Bulgarian economy, such as agriculture and industry, has been examined, as well as its impact on the state of domestic and foreign trade, the state finance and the circulation of currency.
A conclusion has been made that owing to the economic policy which the government conducted at the time, Bulgarian economy performed relatively well during the economic crisis and succeeded in minimizing the negative consequences of the crisis.
-
Irena Nikolova
Specifics in the Definition of Currency Risk
Summary:
Risk management is one of the tools for diminishing the negative effect on the companies in the non financial sector in times of economic and financial crisis. The foreign exchange risk as a part of the whole risk in a company has a direct as well as indirect influence on its corporate activities. The factors that influence the foreign exchange risk, the different economic levels and the foreign exchange risk as well as the various exposures to the risk are presented in this paper.
-
Borislav Atanasov
Providing of Consumer Value Through the Price
Summary:
The price is an element which is present in every sale-trade. It is a source of information for the price offering of goods from the same or similar commodity groups, and it is a criterion when the different alternatives are compared and chosen. Therefore it participates in the process of creating and providing of consumer value. Different approaches of providing of value through the price, published in the literature and applicable to the retail trade are presented in the article. Based on that, the differentiated value through the price for every approach derived from the end users in the purchase process is also brought out.
-
Elena Aleksandrova
Transfer of a Sole Trader Proprietorship through Transaction – Commercial and Tax Aspects
Summary:
This report provides an analysis of the legal framework of the transfer of a sole trader proprietorship through the deal. Discussed are some controversial issues related to the transfer of public duties in this type of transaction, as well as liability to the transferor. This paper examines the taxation of transactions with a sole trader discussed are cases in which it may be tax evasion. There have been suggestions for improvement and change in legislation concerning the taxation of income of the sole proprietor of transferring his business.
-
Emiliya Vacheva
Reports about the Economic Life and Commerce on Bulgarian Territory, According to Western European Sources (End of XII - XIV Century)
Summary:
This paper tries to reveal the concept of western authors about the Bulgarian economy based on a large number of sources.
-
Krasimira Slaveva
Comparative Analysis for Structural Changes in Export and Import of Bulgaria for the Period 1992-2009
Summary:
After 1989, in the Economy of Bulgaria a number of transformations were made, leading to significant economic reforms. The change in the organization of economic processes, the opening of the country to the world and the ability to access international markets, caused both structural changes in production and foreign trade. Commodity structure of foreign trade is a reflection of the status and structure of the national economy.
The article examined the foreign trade structure and dynamics of the general measurers of structural changes for the period 1992-2009. The study includes the establishment of changes in export and import structure and monitoring of trends in summary measures of structural changes. The survey results show that: compared with 1992, there are significant changes in the export structure; predicting of the dynamics of structural change in export and import is risky because of diverse change in 2007, 2008 and 2009; the foreign trade and its structure are important factors that determine both the direction and pace of development of national economy.
-
Vanya Hadjieva
Structuring of the National Organized Market
Summary:
The market is “the heart” of every economy, is a place where supply and demand meet and where exchange of goods is put into practice. The defining of concept (market) needs to be examined from many different angles which have to include the content of the market, different kind of markets and their characteristics. The object of this research is the market as a basic center for supply and demand – a place where exchange of goods is realizing.
-
Mariana Drumeva
Salt Trade of Tsvyatko Radoslavov and his Company in the 50s – 70s Of The 19th Century
Summary:
In this article the trade with rock and sea salt of one of the biggest sales companies established in the town of Svishtov in the 50s of the 19th century in the region of Vlashko has been traced. The available quantitative data available in Tsvyatko Radoslavov’s unpublished archive have been processed by outlining daily business practices in this trade and the scope of the company’s activities as well as defining the company’s profitability. Different periods of the company’s activity have been outlined, as well as the trading network of the imported salt from Romanian cities and the sale of salt in Svishtov and in the North of Bulgaria. This article is a contribution to the studying of different specific mechanisms of the trade and the justification of the thesis that Svishtov has been one of the main centres of salt trade on the southern Danube bank during the period of the Bulgarian National Revival.
-
Mariana Drumeva
Trade Knowledge and Commercial Practices in the Town of Svishtov During the National Revival Period
Summary:
The article examines the prevalence of knowledge in the field of trading in the town of Svishtov during the Bulgarian Revival in the form of books containing knowledge in trading; handbooks specialized in commercial and legal matters and double-entry bookkeeping (diplography) and the inclusion of disciplines such as commerce and accounting in the curricula of schools. Attention is paid to the first commercial school in Bulgarian lands founded by D. Em. Shishmanov in 1873. Improvement of trading methods and practices of Svishtov merchants influenced by the progress in education have been viewed in this paper.It has been concluded that interconnection and interdependence of education and practice in trading is an important factor for the economic prosperity of the town of Svishtov during the Bulgarian Revival period.
-
Borislav Atanasov
Fragmentary Analysis of the Market of Fast-Moving Consumer Goods in Bulgaria
Summary:
For its purpose, the fast-moving consumer goods satisfy mainly the basic needs, and unlike the consumer durables, distinguish with relatively high frequency of consumption. Based on data of the National Statistical Institute, the change of retail sales for the period 2010-2018, the average expenditures of the households for purchasing of foods, the change of number of retail sales premises - for the country and statistical regions, the change of number of retail sales premises of the leading trade chains selling fast-moving consumer goods are presented in the article. On the basis of the author’s own researches of the consumer’s behaviour when they purchase fast-moving consumer goods, a comparative analysis through one-dimensional frequency distributions is made and trends of consumers’ behaviour during the purchase are brought out.
-
Ludwig Von Mises
Human Action, Part Four, Chapter XX. Interest, Credit Expansion, and the Trade Cycle && 7-9
Summary:
We assume that in the course of a deflationary process the whole amount by which the supply of money (in the broader sense) is reduced is taken from the loan market. Then the loan market and the gross market rate of interest are affected at the very beginning of the process, at a moment at which the prices of commodities and services are not yet altered by the change going on in the money relation. We may, for instance, posit that a government aiming at deflation floats a loan and destroys the paper money borrowed. Such a procedure has been, in the last two hundred years, adopted again and again. The idea was to raise, after a prolonged period of inflationary policy, the national monetary unit to its previous metallic parity. Of course, in most cases the deflationary projects were son abandoned as their execution encountered increasing opposition and, moreover, heavily burdened the treasury. Or we may assume that the banks, frightened by their adverse experience in the crisis brought about by credit expansion, are intent upon increasing the reserves held against their liabilities and therefore restrict the amount of circulation credit. A third possibility would be that the crisis has resulted in the bankruptcy of banks which granted circulation credit and that the annihilation of the fiduciary media issued by these banks reduces the supply of credit on the loan market.
