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Hrabrin Bashev
Agrarian Contracts, Process of Contracting and Contractual Order
Summary:
In modern conditions, much of the relationship between agrarian agents, and agricultural activity in general, is governed by some forms of contract. However, economic analyzes of agrarian contracts in Bulgaria are incidental, limited to individual types of contracts, and detached from the process of contracting and contract imlementation, and dominating institutional order. This article continues the presentation of a holistic A-M-P-O approach to the economic analysis of contracts and contractual relations of agrarian Agents by conducting an economic analysis of the available contractual Means, the agrarian contracting Process, and the resulting contractual Order. First, a classification of the principle types of contracts is made and their economic characteristics, possibilities and disadvantages for governing the relations of agrarian agents are analyzed. After that, the stages of the agrarian contracting process is analised, the critical factors of transaction costs presented, and a matrix for determining the most efficient governing form, depending on the combination of critical dimensions of agrarian transactions, suggested. Finally, the specific contractual and governance order resulting from the contractual process is analyzed, and the stages of the process of improving contractual relations in the agrarian sphere are presented.
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Walter E. Block
A Response to Brooks' Support of Demsetz on the Coase Theorem
Summary:
Coase (1960) claimed that in the zero costs world, it would not matter for the allocation of resources which of two disputants were awarded the relevant property rights. Block (1977) disputed this, on the ground that it assumed that both parties would have the wherewithal with which to make the relevant bribe. Demsetz (1977) maintained that Block (1977) failed to reckon with Coase‘s (1960) explicit assumption of no wealth effects. Block (1995) disputed this claim of Demsetz‘s (1977), claiming the Coase (1960) anticipated no such thing. The next round in this debate was Demsetz (1997) who reiterated his position, followed by Block (2000) in a response to Demsetz (1997). Brook (2007) mostly takes Demsetz‘s (1977, 1997) side of this ongoing discussion. The present paper is a rejoinder to Brook (2007), supporting Block (1997, 1995, 2000).
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Svetoslav Iliychovski
Possibilities for Determination of the Liquidation Value
Summary:
Currently, the global and national economies are experiencing an increase in the level of uncertainty, which is remarkable especially in the markets for the most traded assets. This, in turn, affects the activities of companies in terms of prices, demand and supply of specific resources, which makes it difficult to correctly determine the value of enterprises. Evaluation plays a crucial role in balancing the interests of all stakeholders at such a time. In many cases, the appraisers face the task in practice to derive, determine a value different from the market - liquidation, investment and others. In the present study we focus on the possibilities for determining the liquidation value.
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Yordanka Mitkova Iliykova
Opportunities for Optimizing Accounting and Analysis of Costs, Relating to Buffet Restaurants of Hotels
Summary:
A problem in the hotels that provide the "buffet" service, the price of which is included in that for overnight stay in the room, is the accounting and the effective control of the full use of the allowances groceries in finished kitchen products. Keeping track of changes in the prices of supplying goods at the height of the tourist season („Food and Beverage Cost Control“), the calculation of so-called "Food Costs for Day" and "Beverage Costs for Day", and frequent inventory inventories to excample date, relation to accurate and true cost accounting for a certain period, are objectively necessary.
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Ninel Nesheva Kiosseva
Environmental Management and the Impact of Regulation in Bulgaria
Summary:
In placing increased emphasis on good environmental management, the Bulgaria government began providing resources on environmental management, such as guidance documents, case studies, and benchmarking studies. It also motivates businesses to understand the full spectrum of environmental costs and incorporate these costs into decision-making. Some of the difficulties are non-uniform definitions and non-uniform executions, and lack of comparable information. The report discusses the needs for good quality information to be available to both managers and society before further advances can be made.
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Dragan Georgiev
Establishing a System of Income Multiplier Profiles in the Lodging Industry
Summary:
The determination of income multiplier profile (IMP) of an enterprise, activity or department in the budgeting process is a popular method in the field of hospitality to study the influence of different value measurable key factors on the financial result. Its traditional use is associated with determining the business orientation, analyzing the profitability of products and services in order to optimize the financial result, and implementation of accounting and control strategies.
This paper presents a modified approach for establishing a system of standardized profiles, based on conception of responsibility centers under USALI, as key factors are derived from the basic algebraic relationship "cost-volume-profit".
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Georgi Georgiev Dimitrov
Economic Efficiency Due to Improvements in the Road Infrastructure of the Transport Corridors on the Territories of the Republic of Bulgaria
Summary:
In the present study economic efficiency for users of road infrastructure in its building in directions of the land trans European transport corridors in the territory of the country. For the purpose shall be calculated the potential savings in operating costs, by using the method of the scenarios. In the case of the first variant road infrastructure is in this condition, and in the second option, it is accepted that are already built priority projects for the construction of highways and speed roads.
The main purpose of the study is to determine from a consumer point of view to which transport corridors it is economic priority to focus resources and efforts to build the road their infrastructure.
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Anita Atanassova
Clasification of Costs as a Tool for Business Management in Bulgarian Reality
Summary:
Costs are an essential tool in the economic management of enterprises. According to the results of an empirical study, contemporary Bulgarian practice recognizes this fact. In the same time we witness a number of controversies regarding the understanding of costs, assessing their relevance to financial management and practical implementation of various cost. The main reason for this is a lack of adequate knowledge for the opportunities offered by the different approaches to cost management. As a necessary first step we consider dissemination of information for costs in various aspects. Responding to that gap, we propose a broad modern classification of costs, combining classification criteria, classification purposes and specific types of costs.
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Snejana Kostova, Nonka Georgieva
Quantitative Measuring of External Ecological Expenditures for Assistance of Decision Making Management
Summary:
The goal of presented paper is to describe main steps of the Impact Pathway Methodology for external costs calculation and the existing software tools for its practical application. Results for external costs from coal fired power plant located in the central part of Europe are presented. The results are obtained by one of the versions of the software tool EcoSense.
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Hrabrin Bashev
To the Question of Economic Study of Agrarian Contracts
Summary:
Arround the globe, a huge number of theoretical and empirical studies and publications related to agrarian contracts of various types have been made. In Bulgaria, the studies of economic contracts in general, and of agrarian contracts in particular, are incidental, with individual researchers applying "their own" definitions and methodologies, which are often contradictory, non-comprehensive and highly debatable. The article attempts to answer several important academic and practical questions: what is an economic contract, what is the difference of the economic approach compared to other (legal, sociological, etc.) approaches to the study of contracts, what is the role of economic contracts in agrarian governance, why there is such a huge variety of contracts used by agents, etc. The achievements of the interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics are adapted and a holistic framework for the economic understanding and analysis of agrarian contracts and contractual relations in agriculture is presented. The system of agrarian contracts is seen as a complex, networked and multi-layered system, involving a variety of agrarian and non-agrarian Agents, who govern their relations and activities through various contractual Means (types of contracts), participating in the agrarian contractual Process, as a result of which in each particular time period in a given country, region, sub-sector, type of farming, agro-ecosystem, etc. dominates a certain contractual and governance Order. Like the economic analysis of the system of agrarian governance, the holistic analysis of the system of economic contracts is to apply an A-M-P-O approach, which includes an analysis of all its elements - Agents, Means, Process, and Order. The article offers an adequate economic definition of agrarian contracts and characterization of their place in the system of agrarian governance as bilateral or multilateral agreements related to agricultural production and services. After that, an economic characterization of the agents participating in the contractual relations is made, paying particular attention to their bounded rationality and tendency to opportunism. These two characteristics related to "human nature" are the reason for the existence of transaction costs and the need to choose an effective governing (contractual) form to increase the "rationality" of agents and protect against possible opportunism in their relationships.
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Kalina Kavaldzhieva
Cost of Electricity Produced from Waste Processing as a Prerequisite for Social Pricing
Summary:
In a period of energy crisis, deriving the cost of electricity is a significant problem. It appears as a significant contemporary challenge, and policies to control and limit it are the main priority of the European community on its way to a green economy. Depending on the tariff/price of electricity, which directly depends on its cost price, it is determined how much the population could afford to pay for their consumed electricity. Over 96 million Europeans are at risk of poverty and social exclusion. A population that would not be able to heat their homes in winter is about 57 million. Bulgaria is the country with the highest share of the poor and at risk of poverty, including energy-dependent households, which is also confirmed by the values of the Energy Poverty Index, according to which our country has the worst indicators among the member states of EU.
The current development draws attention to the specific features of waste-based electricity calculation. Method of pricing and formation of a sustainable model for formation of tariffs. The synergistic effect from waste processing to energy production is derived. Taxes paid and additional revenues from waste processing could positively affect the price of energy obtained from waste, i.e. to reduce cost and offset costs. This phenomenon can be used as a guideline for the development and improvement of social policy in the field of social tolerance and social support of the population in Bulgaria.
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Mihail Chipriyanov, Galina Chipriyanova, Hristo Vasilev
Accounting Aspects of the Acquisition of Tangible Fixed Assets Intended to Environmental Protection under the European Funds
Summary:
Exceptionally actual about the activity of enterprises is the problem of Environmental Protection. Many enterprises in accordance with the regulations of the European legislation are certified to ISO 14001 in addition to other standards ISO. A currently option for them is the acquisition of tangible fixed assets for Environmental Protection by budgetary financing programs of the European Union. The trend to implement socio-economic responsibility of enterprises reflects upon the increase of their competitiveness in the market, which in turn is a prerequisite for their greater profitability.
The major aim of this study is to supplement the accounting knowledge regarding some important components of the organization of accounting as accounting policies and chart of accounts of a company which acquires tangible fixed assets intended for the protection of the environment, as well as specific accounting entries. In a logical sequence were examined the cost of restoring the environment and the costs of environmental protection.
