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  Optimization of Monetary Aggregates from the Point of View of the Austrian Monetary Theory - Possibilities and Effects

  The money supply is calculated by different monetary aggregates with a certain structure and scope. The Federal Reserve calculates and publishes two units - M1 and M2. The correct measurement of money supply plays a fundamental role in the conduct of effective monetary policy by central banks. Unfortunately, official monetary aggregates do not ... The money supply is calculated by different monetary aggregates with a certain structure and scope. The Federal Reserve calculates and publishes two units - M1 and M2. The correct measurement of money supply plays a fundamental role in the conduct of effective monetary policy by central banks. Unfortunately, official monetary aggregates do not have a clearly defined theoretical basis in the selection of individual components, which can lead to inaccuracies in their disclosure and management. This makes the current study relevant, through which an optimized monetary aggregate can be presented, based on the Austrian monetary theory. One of the most accurate monetary aggregates is based on the Rothbard-Salerno concept and is referred to in English-language financial theory as True Money Supply (TMS). The monetary instruments that are part of it cover two main criteria - whether they are the final means of payment of all transactions and whether they are a claim to cash that is convertible at face value.

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  Comparative Analysis of Expenditure in the Central Government Subsector of Bulgaria and Greece according to COFOG for the Period 1998-2018

  It is essential to study and analyse government expenditure in order to identify trends in their development. Periodic reporting of trends in government expenditure allows economic agents to plan their business actions on the basis of objective information, reducing the uncertainty of the economic system. In addition, measuring the changes in the ... It is essential to study and analyse government expenditure in order to identify trends in their development. Periodic reporting of trends in government expenditure allows economic agents to plan their business actions on the basis of objective information, reducing the uncertainty of the economic system. In addition, measuring the changes in the structure of government expenditures (especially the expenditures of the Central Government subsector by function of Classification of the functions of government (COFOG)) allows revealing the priorities in the provision of public goods. The goal of the article is to make a comparative analysis of the expenditure of the subsector "Central government" by functions of COFOG of Bulgaria and Greece and on this basis to reveal the trends in their development, as well as to highlight the differences in spending policies between the two countries.

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  Public Attitudes towards European Social Policy (according To ESS 8 Wave)

  Social policy is often overlooked in public discourses over European integration despite that it is a significant instrument for raising its legitimacy. On the basis of systematic analysis of mass attitudes to European unification, measured in the 8th wave of European Social Survey (ESS), this paper shows that in the EC as a whole European tend to ... Social policy is often overlooked in public discourses over European integration despite that it is a significant instrument for raising its legitimacy. On the basis of systematic analysis of mass attitudes to European unification, measured in the 8th wave of European Social Survey (ESS), this paper shows that in the EC as a whole European tend to support the introduction of an all-European scheme for social assistance and to consider that more decisions taken on the supranational level will improve social security for all. At the level of the separate countries the citizens are divided in their preferences for a national or a supranational European social security system. On the individual level, the low-status groups are more inclined to support all-European social measures than the citizens at the higher ranks of the social hierarchy. The expansion of integration towards a more pro-active supranational social policy will secure the support precisely of the groups who today feel left behind in the European project.