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  Set-Off as a Means for Extinguishing Financial Obligations

  The widely spread monetary character of financial receivables and obligations allows the use of the legal concept of set-off in financial law as well. This article considers the influence of the specificities of regulated public relations and the sovereign method applied in financial law on the requirements and the conditions for the use of ... The widely spread monetary character of financial receivables and obligations allows the use of the legal concept of set-off in financial law as well. This article considers the influence of the specificities of regulated public relations and the sovereign method applied in financial law on the requirements and the conditions for the use of set-off for the purposes of the discharge of financial receivables and obligations. This article analyses the general and the special legal framework regulating the the requirements and the conditions for the use of set-off for the purposes of the discharge of financial receivables and obligations. It considers different cases where the set-off of financial receivables and obligations is allowed – set-off by revenue organs, set-off by the organ competent to determine the financial obligation, set-off during an enforcement procedure, as well set-off of financial receivables and obligations in accordance with certain special laws. A particular attention is given to the sovereign act on the basis of which the set-off of financial receivables and obligations is performed – the set-off act, as well as the organs competent for its issuance.

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  New Aspects of Accounting Legislation

  Accounting is an information system, which only creates information regarding the financial position, the efficiency of operations, the changes in the financial position and the cash flows of enterprises. All this suggests certain requirements for its operation and the information it creates. They are codified in the existing accounting ... Accounting is an information system, which only creates information regarding the financial position, the efficiency of operations, the changes in the financial position and the cash flows of enterprises. All this suggests certain requirements for its operation and the information it creates. They are codified in the existing accounting legislation – the Accountancy Act and the applicable accounting standards. Some changes have occurred due to the influence of various factors in the accounting regulations. In recent years, the reasons for this have been related to some changes in the basic EU acts that regulate the relations in the field of accounting. A new Accountancy Act and National Accounting Standards (NAS) amended and supplemented have been in force since the beginning of 2016. The standards set out in these regulations have led to changes in the implementation of accounting as a practical activity. This paper highlights both the new aspects of accounting legislation and those that give rise to certain inconsistencies in interpreting them and potential problems in applying them. This is done sequentially – first regarding the Accountancy Act, and then regarding the amendments and supplements to the National Accounting Standards. Some of the arguments can be taken into account when these regulations are further updated.

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  Practical-Applied Model for the Recognition of Impairment Losses for Defaulted Exposures in Commercial Banks

  The Bulgarian banking system has the practice of determining the impairment losses, which is entirely built on the concepts of Ordinance No.9 of BNB, cancelled in April 2014. After its cancellation any bank credit institution must take action to establish a new policy for the recognition and measurement of their risk exposures and on these grounds ... The Bulgarian banking system has the practice of determining the impairment losses, which is entirely built on the concepts of Ordinance No.9 of BNB, cancelled in April 2014. After its cancellation any bank credit institution must take action to establish a new policy for the recognition and measurement of their risk exposures and on these grounds to take action to determine the extent of devaluation for a credit risk. In connection with this, the parameter "defaulted exposure" can be used for the purposes of internal bank systems for the recognition and measurement of risk exposures in the decision for the recognition of impairment for credit risk. Defaulted exposure can be defined as an indicator of the level of risk that a bank can take, depending on the ability and desire of a borrower to meet their obligations on the debt. The defaulted exposure is equal to the carrying value of the exposure calculated by the applicable accounting standards.