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  The Public Pension System in the Conditions of Covid-19 – Short-Term Effects and Long-Term Challenges

  The emergence and spread of Covid - 19 in late 2019 and early 2020 posed an unexpected challenge to the development and progress of modern society. A series of restrictions aimed at limiting the spread of the disease have had an adverse effect, both economically and socially. Overcoming the unfavourable consequences of the pandemic is becoming a ... The emergence and spread of Covid - 19 in late 2019 and early 2020 posed an unexpected challenge to the development and progress of modern society. A series of restrictions aimed at limiting the spread of the disease have had an adverse effect, both economically and socially. Overcoming the unfavourable consequences of the pandemic is becoming a priority for the development of modern society, engaging a significant amount of public resources and testing the mechanisms of social protection systems. The aim of this study is to highlight the short-term effects and long-term challenges facing the public pension system in pandemic and post-pandemic environments, as a basis for outlining the directions of its development and improvement.

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  Optimization of Monetary Aggregates from the Point of View of the Austrian Monetary Theory - Possibilities and Effects

  The money supply is calculated by different monetary aggregates with a certain structure and scope. The Federal Reserve calculates and publishes two units - M1 and M2. The correct measurement of money supply plays a fundamental role in the conduct of effective monetary policy by central banks. Unfortunately, official monetary aggregates do not ... The money supply is calculated by different monetary aggregates with a certain structure and scope. The Federal Reserve calculates and publishes two units - M1 and M2. The correct measurement of money supply plays a fundamental role in the conduct of effective monetary policy by central banks. Unfortunately, official monetary aggregates do not have a clearly defined theoretical basis in the selection of individual components, which can lead to inaccuracies in their disclosure and management. This makes the current study relevant, through which an optimized monetary aggregate can be presented, based on the Austrian monetary theory. One of the most accurate monetary aggregates is based on the Rothbard-Salerno concept and is referred to in English-language financial theory as True Money Supply (TMS). The monetary instruments that are part of it cover two main criteria - whether they are the final means of payment of all transactions and whether they are a claim to cash that is convertible at face value.

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  Approaches and Practice in Determining the Social Security Contribution to Public Social Insurance

  The social security contribution is a key element of the mechanism of functioning of public social insurance and it has decisive importance with regard to its financial organisation. It is the main and typical source of income of any insurance system. The social security contribution is defined as a percentage of the received labour income and ... The social security contribution is a key element of the mechanism of functioning of public social insurance and it has decisive importance with regard to its financial organisation. It is the main and typical source of income of any insurance system. The social security contribution is defined as a percentage of the received labour income and represents a general average value, corresponding to the average risk for the pool and it is due only for income from personal labour activity, with regularity and periodicity arising from the regularity and periodicity of the received personal job income. The aim of the paper is to outline the guidelines for development and improvement of the organisation of the social security contribution in the public social insurance in Bulgaria, taking into account the approaches and the practice of determining the social insurance contributions in some EU countries.