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  Human Action, Part Four, Chapter XXIII. The Data of the Market

  Catallactics, the theory of the market economy, is not a system of theorems valid only under ideal and unrealizable conditions and applicable to reality merely with essential restrictions and modifications. All the theorems of catallactics are rigidly and without any exception valid for all phenomena of the market economy, provided the particular ... Catallactics, the theory of the market economy, is not a system of theorems valid only under ideal and unrealizable conditions and applicable to reality merely with essential restrictions and modifications. All the theorems of catallactics are rigidly and without any exception valid for all phenomena of the market economy, provided the particular conditions which they presuppose are present. It is, for instance, a simple question of fact whether there is direct or indirect exchange. But where there is indirect exchange, all the general laws of the theory of indirect exchange are valid with regard to the acts of exchange and the media of exchange. As has been pointed out1, praxeological knowledge is precise or exact knowledge of reality. All references to the epistemological issues of the natural sciences and all analogies derived from comparing these two radically different realms of reality and cognition are misleading. There is, apart from formal logic, no such thing as a set of "methodological" rules applicable both to cognition by means of the category of causality and to that by means of the category of finality.

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  Environmental Management and the Impact of Regulation in Bulgaria

  In placing increased emphasis on good environmental management, the Bulgaria government began providing resources on environmental management, such as guidance documents, case studies, and benchmarking studies. It also motivates businesses to understand the full spectrum of environmental costs and incorporate these costs into decision-making. Some ... In placing increased emphasis on good environmental management, the Bulgaria government began providing resources on environmental management, such as guidance documents, case studies, and benchmarking studies. It also motivates businesses to understand the full spectrum of environmental costs and incorporate these costs into decision-making. Some of the difficulties are non-uniform definitions and non-uniform executions, and lack of comparable information. The report discusses the needs for good quality information to be available to both managers and society before further advances can be made.

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  Scale of Values Violates Singularism

  There is at the very least a tension between two basic building blocs of Austrian economics. The doctrine of singularism maintains that choice is inevitably and necessarily between two and only two things: that which is chosen, and the next best alternative, which is set aside. However, implicit in the concept the scale of values is the claim that ... There is at the very least a tension between two basic building blocs of Austrian economics. The doctrine of singularism maintains that choice is inevitably and necessarily between two and only two things: that which is chosen, and the next best alternative, which is set aside. However, implicit in the concept the scale of values is the claim that choice can take place over many, many alternatives. If one of these has to be jettisoned, and we argue that one must be, then we vote for the latter.