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  Digital Transformation Degree of Implementation in the Food and Beverages Industry in the Southeastern Region of Bulgaria in the Conditions of a Turbulent Environment

  The topic of digital transformation and its implementation is now a matter that cannot be postponed. In a turbulent environment characterized by market uncertainty, changing consumer sentiment and ever-increasing regulations, digital transformation provides good opportunities for success. The study, part of which is presented in this article, is ... The topic of digital transformation and its implementation is now a matter that cannot be postponed. In a turbulent environment characterized by market uncertainty, changing consumer sentiment and ever-increasing regulations, digital transformation provides good opportunities for success. The study, part of which is presented in this article, is aimed at examining the use of digital transformation by enterprises in the Food and Beverage sector in the Southeast region, the stimulators and the obstacles that influence the use of DT and the attitudes of managers towards future implementation of the technology. This paper briefly presents basic definitions of digital transformation in order to highlight the importance of its implementation in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, which make up the main share of companies in the region. The survey examines the use of ICT and Industry 4.0 tools in enterprises and reveals the extent of their implementation in the sector. This provides a good starting point for the respondents to obtain information about their digital development and to plan further steps towards improving internal company processes and activities. On the other hand, the information could help guide government policies related to digital transformation. At the same time, the study is limited to only one region of Bulgaria and one industry sector, which allows other researchers to conduct similar studies in other regions and sectors, at a national or international level.

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  Variable Remuneration in Client Contracts

  The study explores the challenges associated with the evaluation and reporting of variable remuneration in client contracts. It examines and analyzes the principles, rules, methods, and methodologies applied to various business scenarios involving the valuation and recognition of revenues with a variable component. The study focuses on the ... The study explores the challenges associated with the evaluation and reporting of variable remuneration in client contracts. It examines and analyzes the principles, rules, methods, and methodologies applied to various business scenarios involving the valuation and recognition of revenues with a variable component. The study focuses on the valuation and recognition of revenues from transactions involving the sale of goods or the provision of services with variable remuneration, where performance occurs either at a specific point in time or over a defined period. Approaches to the evaluation and allocation of discounts in multi-component contracts and transactions are also examined The timing of performance for individual components, such as goods and services, is discussed, and the importance of a systematic approach to accounting for agreements that include variables influencing the amount of revenue is highlighted. The analysis is based on a review of the approaches, methods, and practices employed by enterprises applying the International Accounting Standards in Bulgaria for 2023. The author argues that knowledge of the basic rules for transfer of control and knowledge of the principles and methods for evaluation, reporting and subsequent monitoring of the variable part of remuneration is a prerequisite for the correct current accounting of revenues and their periodic presentation in the financial statements. This, in turn, enhances the usefulness of the information provided to users of financial reports.

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  Between-Sector Wage Differences and Inequaolity in the Bulgarian Economy: the Role of Foreign-Owned Firms

  The paper explores between-sector wage differences and inequality in Bulgaria in the period 2008-2021, distinguishing between foreign-owned and domestic non-financial enterprises. To estimate between-sector wage inequality for all non-financial enterprises, as well as separately for the two types of firms, the between-group component of the Theil ... The paper explores between-sector wage differences and inequality in Bulgaria in the period 2008-2021, distinguishing between foreign-owned and domestic non-financial enterprises. To estimate between-sector wage inequality for all non-financial enterprises, as well as separately for the two types of firms, the between-group component of the Theil index is used. This approach allows to establish whether foreign affiliates stay behind the evolution of overall between-sector wage inequality, as well as to isolate the contribution of each sector to this trend. The results show that between-sector wage inequality among foreign-owned firms is greater compared to local firms. However, while between-sector wage inequality among foreign firms’ employees tends to fluctuate over time, there is an overall upward trend in the case of domestic firms.