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  Bulgarian Land and its Natural Resources – Late 12th Century – 14th Century

  The author of this article has made an attempt to reveal how the Bulgarian state and its natural resources have been described in West European sources of information during the period from the late 12th century to the 14th century. In order to achieve the aim of the article the West European sources of information published in Bulgaria have been ... The author of this article has made an attempt to reveal how the Bulgarian state and its natural resources have been described in West European sources of information during the period from the late 12th century to the 14th century. In order to achieve the aim of the article the West European sources of information published in Bulgaria have been analyzed and systematized, incl. chronicles, stories, travelogues, cosmographic maps, reports, maps, portolans, etc. They reveal the impressions and knowledge of western annalists and chroniclers on the borders of the Bulgarian state and its natural resources. They also show that Bulgarians and their land occupy a worthy place in the works of western authors.

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  Preserving Species

  With the 40th anniversary of the passage of the Endangered Species Act it becomes necessary to review the history of this act and its impact on achieving its goals of preventing the extinction of endangered species. Many environmentalists have argued that the only way to prevent the extinction of animals, most notable Elephant populations in ... With the 40th anniversary of the passage of the Endangered Species Act it becomes necessary to review the history of this act and its impact on achieving its goals of preventing the extinction of endangered species. Many environmentalists have argued that the only way to prevent the extinction of animals, most notable Elephant populations in Africa, is through government management and ownership. However, we argue in this paper that the best solution to preserving endangered species is creating a more free market- oriented system of private property rights over animals and land use. Our argument is two-fold, first - that without a true market with effective property rights we encounter a tragedy of the commons where there is no effective incentive among individual actors to protect endangered animals. Second is the unintended consequences of regulation by government actors that distort the incentives of individuals to protect endangered animals. By instituting a more market oriented way of governing all animals would significantly benefit by reducing the tragedy of the commons problem and the unintended consequences of government management. Using examples from the American buffalo, African elephants, fish farms, and farm animals we try to build the case for more free market-oriented policies in achieving the goal of species preservation.

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  Accounting Monitoring on Determinants of Disclosures ‒ Validity and Application to Bulgarian Banks

  Theoretical framework for investigation of mandatory disclosures have no algorithmical of research methodology and methods. The main reason is there is no established common conceptual framework of disclosures in financial reporting which functional definition to reflect their role and significance. By “functional definition” of concept we mean a ... Theoretical framework for investigation of mandatory disclosures have no algorithmical of research methodology and methods. The main reason is there is no established common conceptual framework of disclosures in financial reporting which functional definition to reflect their role and significance. By “functional definition” of concept we mean a definition which makes explicit the usefulness of the concept for certain purposes. In the paper we analyse the determinants of disclosures on sample of bank institutions in Bulgaria and we test previous research assumptions and resultants of the accounting literature. Furthermore, we propose a new framework for measurement of risk disclosures which can introduce to our knowledge some insights about the factors that influence the practice.