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  Human Action, Part Four, Chapter XX. Interest, Credit Expansion, and the Trade Cycle && 7-9

  We assume that in the course of a deflationary process the whole amount by which the supply of money (in the broader sense) is reduced is taken from the loan market. Then the loan market and the gross market rate of interest are affected at the very beginning of the process, at a moment at which the prices of commodities and services are not yet ... We assume that in the course of a deflationary process the whole amount by which the supply of money (in the broader sense) is reduced is taken from the loan market. Then the loan market and the gross market rate of interest are affected at the very beginning of the process, at a moment at which the prices of commodities and services are not yet altered by the change going on in the money relation. We may, for instance, posit that a government aiming at deflation floats a loan and destroys the paper money borrowed. Such a procedure has been, in the last two hundred years, adopted again and again. The idea was to raise, after a prolonged period of inflationary policy, the national monetary unit to its previous metallic parity. Of course, in most cases the deflationary projects were son abandoned as their execution encountered increasing opposition and, moreover, heavily burdened the treasury. Or we may assume that the banks, frightened by their adverse experience in the crisis brought about by credit expansion, are intent upon increasing the reserves held against their liabilities and therefore restrict the amount of circulation credit. A third possibility would be that the crisis has resulted in the bankruptcy of banks which granted circulation credit and that the annihilation of the fiduciary media issued by these banks reduces the supply of credit on the loan market.

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  Product Benchmarking Research

  As a method for strategic research and decisions, benchmarking contributes to determining the best practices in different companies and to understanding the key factors promoting their success. To that end, the most significant achievements of others are introduced to the organization. Product benchmarking especially contributes to finding the ... As a method for strategic research and decisions, benchmarking contributes to determining the best practices in different companies and to understanding the key factors promoting their success. To that end, the most significant achievements of others are introduced to the organization. Product benchmarking especially contributes to finding the most important factors for success in the supply market. This supports the elaboration of management decisions concerning implementing product policies and, thereby, stimulating the creation of the best product quality and increasing product value for the customers.

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  On the Characteristics and Evolution of Monetary Policy

  The study investigates the problems related to monetary policy within the process of its evolution and according to the development of the monetary policy theories and the stages of development of the economy and the monetary systems. The paper reviews the various levels of implementation of monetary policies and the possibilities for its ... The study investigates the problems related to monetary policy within the process of its evolution and according to the development of the monetary policy theories and the stages of development of the economy and the monetary systems. The paper reviews the various levels of implementation of monetary policies and the possibilities for its influencing the economic process. The influence is effected through direct and indirect tools used by the national banks. For this end the banks set certain operative (short-term), interim, and final (long-term) objectives, the most important factor being the choice of adequate strategy of the monetary policy, i.e. the choice of „nominal anchor”. In this respect the study focuses on monetary targeting, inflation targeting, and currency exchange rate targeting. The experience of other countries is especially valuable for Bulgaria in the process of the country’s accession to the European Monetary Union. The study comes to the conclusion that in this respect the most important question is how the currency board shall be abandoned: (1) whether it must be preserved until the country’s accession to the European Monetary Union or (2) the peg of the Bulgarian lev to the Euro should be abandoned prior to the accession to the European Monetary Union.