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  The Effect of Public Debt on GDP In EU Countries for the Period 2019-2024

  This article examines the effect of public debt on real GDP per capita in the European Union (EU) member states. The EU countries are divided into two groups: one comprising countries with public debt exceeding 60 percent of GDP, and the other including countries with public debt below 60 percent of GDP. The primary objective of the article is to ... This article examines the effect of public debt on real GDP per capita in the European Union (EU) member states. The EU countries are divided into two groups: one comprising countries with public debt exceeding 60 percent of GDP, and the other including countries with public debt below 60 percent of GDP. The primary objective of the article is to investigate the impact of public debt on GDP over the period 2019–2024. The main finding derived from the empirical analysis is that the effect of public debt on GDP is positive both in countries with debt up to 60 percent of GDP and in countries with excessive levels of public debt.

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  Setting the Official Poverty Line for the Country as a Challenge for Social Policy in Bulgaria

  This study aims to determine whether the use of the official poverty line for the country as a tool for regulating access to social protection programs in Bulgaria and determining the amount of support has enhanced their effectiveness in reducing poverty, improved the adequacy of benefits, and broadened access to minimum income schemes. In this ... This study aims to determine whether the use of the official poverty line for the country as a tool for regulating access to social protection programs in Bulgaria and determining the amount of support has enhanced their effectiveness in reducing poverty, improved the adequacy of benefits, and broadened access to minimum income schemes. In this regard, it has been found that certain features of the method of setting the official poverty line make it difficult to achieve the expected results and create conditions for the relative impoverishment of recipients of social payments, access to and amount of which are linked to the poverty line. To overcome this challenge, it is proposed to improve the information availability on the poverty level and review the method of determining the poverty line in order to include an objective measure of minimum living needs.

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  Impact of Digital Retail Transformation on Online Purchase Models: a Study of Bulgarian Consumers

  This study aims to present theoretical ideas and practical manifestations of the impact of the digital transformation of commerce. The focus is on consumer purchasing patterns and their dependence and redefinition by digital technologies. The aim of the study is, on the basis of systematized theoretical arguments, to empirically validate a ... This study aims to present theoretical ideas and practical manifestations of the impact of the digital transformation of commerce. The focus is on consumer purchasing patterns and their dependence and redefinition by digital technologies. The aim of the study is, on the basis of systematized theoretical arguments, to empirically validate a developed methodological framework for studying the influence of the digital transformation of trade on consumer online purchasing patterns and to formulate conclusions and generalizations based on the results obtained. Through a survey conducted in June - July 2025 of 154 Bulgarian consumers, designated as respondents, the necessary empirical data were collected. The interpretation of consumer behavior was predominantly associated with the patterns of online clothing purchases. The measurement of the analyzed correlations between selected factor variables of an economic, demographic and socio-psychological nature and outcome variables was carried out using a software product for computer processing - SPSS Statistics and the Excel program. The methodological framework of the study includes the application of the methods of descriptive analysis, chi -square analysis (Chi-square Test), the t-test method, the analysis of variance and the Shapiro-Wilk Test (Shapiro-Wilk Test), the method of linear regression and correlation. The results of the study show that the application of digital tools by retailers influences and determines consumer patterns of online purchase, highlighting certain similarities and differences between the studied consumers. The theoretical and practical significance of these results lies in retailers' better assessment of the potential benefits and challenges of transforming shopping towards improving the consumer experience in the context of digitalization.